Havel, Václav

Havel, Václav väts´läv hävĕl [key], 1936–2011, Czech dramatist and essayist, president ofCzechoslovakia(1989–92) and theCzech Republic(1993–2003). The most original Czech dramatist to emerge in the 1960s, Havel soon antagonized the political power structure by focusing on the senselessness and absurdity of mechanized, totalitarian society in plays that implicitly criticized the government, such asThe Garden Party(1963, tr. 1969) andThe Memorandum(1965, tr. 1967), and in various essays of the 1960s and 70s. As an organizer (1977) and leading spokesman for the dissident group Charter 77, he was imprisoned (1979–83) by the Czechoslovak Communist regime, and his plays were banned.

Havel was a founder (1989) of the Civic Forum, a human rights and opposition group, and became its principal spokesman. When it succeeded in forcing (1989) the Communist party to share power, he became interim president of Czechoslovakia. He was elected president of Czechoslovakia after the collapse of Communism in 1990, but resigned in 1992 prior to the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, to which he was opposed. He was elected president of the new Czech Republic in 1993 and reelected in 1998. As president he tended toward a social democratic approach to social and economic issues, strongly supporting civil liberties and human rights and an eastward-expanding NATO. He retired from the presidency in 2003. Havel's other works include协议(essays and poems, 1966),Letters to Olga(1983, tr. 1989),Three Vanek Plays(1990),公开信:所选作品1965 - 1990(1991),Summer Meditations(1991, tr. 1992), andSelected Plays, 1984–87(1994).

See his memoir,To the Castle and Back(2007); interview ed. by P. Wilson (tr. 1990); biographies by M. Simmons (1991) and M. Zantovsky (2014); collections of essays on Havel, ed. by J. Vladislav (1986) and M. Goetz-Stankiewicz and P. Carey (1999); study by J. Keane (2000).

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