石棺

石棺袍ŏf´əgəs [关键］[古希腊语，=肉食者]，希腊人给在小亚细亚发现的一种特殊大理石命名，靠近古代特洛伊的领土，用于制作棺材。它被认为具有在几周内破坏整个身体的特性，除了牙齿。这个词后来泛指没有沉入地下的精心制作的棺材。已知最古老的例子来自埃及;它们是盒形的，有一个单独的盖子，有时上面有尸体的雕像。1922年重新发现的图坦卡蒙石棺(公元前14世纪)由红色花岗岩制成，装饰着展开翅膀的精灵浮雕。后来的埃及石棺有时会按照其所含的身体形状进行塑形。由于之前的火葬习俗，在公元前6世纪之前，石棺在希腊并不普遍使用。此后，他们的人数增多了。记录显示，大多数石棺是由木头制成的，但剩下的石棺是由石头和陶土制成的，这在6世纪早期来自克拉佐门尼的例子(英国Mus.)中得到了证明。 Many Greek and Etruscan sarcophagi are in the shape of a couch; others, such as the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great, are carved and painted in imitation of temple architecture. The marble sarcophagi (excavated in 1877) from Sidon, a chief city of ancient Phoenicia, are among the finest examples of Greek art. In Rome sarcophagi became popular before the Punic Wars. The earliest known example is that of the consul Cneius Cornelius Scipio of the 3d cent. BC, now in the Vatican. Under the rule of the emperors Roman sarcophagi became elaborate, with mythological scenes carved on the sides and statues of the deceased on the lid. The early Christians also used sarcophagi for their distinguished dead. The carvings, usually representing Bible stories, are the chief source of early Christian sculpture. In the Middle Ages sarcophagi proper were used only in rare instances for especially elaborate entombments. Although memorials in the shape and decoration of sarcophagi were erected during the Renaissance and later, the body itself was almost always buried underground.

参见E. Panofsky，陵墓雕塑(1964)。

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