安哥拉

地理

安哥拉, more than three times the size of California, extends for more than 1,000 mi (1,609 km) along the South Atlantic in southwest Africa. The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Congo are to the north and east, Zambia is to the east, and Namibia is to the south. A plateau averaging 6,000 ft (1,829 m) above sea level rises abruptly from the coastal lowlands. Nearly all the land is desert or savanna, with hardwood forests in the northeast.

政府

安哥拉于1992年从一个党的社会主义国家过渡到名义上的多方民主国家。

History

安哥拉的原始居民被认为是霍伊萨斯的演讲者。1000年后，大量的班图扬声器迁移到该地区并成为主要的群体。安哥拉的名字来自尼登戈的班图王国，其国王的名字是ngola.

Explored by the Portuguese navigator Diego Co in 1482, Angola became a link in trade with India and Southeast Asia. Later it was a major source of slaves for Portugal's New World colony of Brazil. Development of the interior began after the Berlin Conference in 1885 fixed the colony's borders, and British and Portuguese investment fostered mining, railways, and agriculture.

Peace Does Not Follow Independence

第二次世界大战后，独立运动开始了，但受到葡萄牙军事力量的严厉压制。主要的民族主义组织是马克思主义党的解放安哥拉（MPLA）的流行运动。解放安哥拉（FNLA）的国家阵线；以及安哥拉全国独立联盟（UNITA）。经过14年的战争，葡萄牙最终于1975年授予独立。但是，安哥拉为实现独立的漫长战争没有和平。Unita提出了MPLA的优势，内战几乎立即爆发。随着苏联和古巴支持马克思主义的MPLA，美国和南非支持反共产主义的统治者，该国成为了冷战战场。

随着冷战的衰落和1989年古巴军队的撤离，MPLA开始过渡到多方民主国家。尽管思想转移了，但内战仍在继续，纽约州立大学的魅力叛军领导人乔纳斯·萨维比（Jonas Savimbi）武装并因控制该国钻石贸易的80％而武装和维持。自由选举发生在1992年，现任总统乔斯·爱德华多·多斯托斯（Jos Eduardo Dos Santos）和MPLA赢得了对萨维比（Savimbi）和unita的未经认证选举。然后，萨维比（Savimbi）退出，收取选举欺诈行为，内战恢复。

Four years of relative peace passed between 1994 and 1998, when the UN, at a cost of $1.6 billion, oversaw the 1994 Lusaka peace accord. In 1997, it was agreed that a coalition government with UNITA would be implemented. But Savimbi violated the accord repeatedly by refusing to give up his strongholds, failing to demobilize his army, and retaking territory. As a result, the government suspended coalition rule in Sept. 1998, and the country again plunged into civil war. Angola?s citizens continued to suffer. The hostilities affected an estimated 4 million people, about a third of the total population, and there were almost 2 million refugees.P

Peace Is Achieved, but Domestic Suffering Continues

On Feb. 22, 2002, government troops killed Jonas Savimbi, and six weeks later, on April 4, rebel leaders signed a cease-fire deal with the government, signaling the end of 30 years of civil war. While peace finally seemed secure, more than a half-million Angolans were faced with starvation.

安哥拉is the second-largest oil producer in sub-Saharan Africa, yet its people are among the continent's poorest. The corruption under the Dos Santos government bears much of the blame. According to the International Monetary Fund, more than $4 billion in oil receipts have disappeared from Angola's treasury in the last six years.

2006年8月，与Cabinda地区的分离主义叛军签署了和平协议。那场冲突被称为安哥拉被遗忘的战争。安哥拉大约有65％的油来自该地区。

In Angola's first national elections in 16 years, held in Sep. 2008, the governing Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) won about 82% of the vote. The opposition, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (Unita), took 10%. The landslide victory gave the MPLA a two-thirds majority in Parliament.

Prime Minister Position Abolished

2012年初，由于对2008年安哥拉宪法的批准，总理的立场被废除。宪法将总理的职能转移给了总统。总统必须像以前一样获得议会多数派的批准。

See alsoEncyclopedia:安哥拉 .
U.S. State Dept. Country Notes: Angola