Washington, DC

Created municipal corporation:Feb. 21, 1871 Mayor:Muriel Bowser (to Dec. 2018) Motto:Justitia综合(Justice to all) Flower:American beauty rose;Tree:Scarlet oak 2010 census population (rank):601,723 (24);% change:–5.7;Male:284,222 (47.2%);Female:317,501 (52.8%);White:231,471 (38.5%);Black:305,125 (50.7%);American Indian and Alaska Native:2,079 (0.3%);Asian:21,056 (3.5%);Other race:24,374 (4.1%);Two or more races:17,316 (2.9%);Hispanic/Latino:54,749 (9.1%).2010%population 18 and over:83.2%;65 and over:11.4%;Median age:33.8. 2014 population estimate (rank):658,893 (22) Land area:61 sq mi. (158 sq km); Alt.:Highest, 420 ft.; lowest, sea level Avg. daily temp.:Jan., 34.6° F; July, 80.0° F Churches:Protestant, 610; Roman Catholic, 132; Jewish, 9; City parks:300 (800 ac.); Radio stations:AM, 9; FM, 38; Television stations:19 Civilian Labor Force (MSA) April 2015:2,606,1001; Unemployed (April 2015):115,2001; Percent (April 2015):4.41; Per capita personal income 2013:$45,290 Board of Trade:Greater Washington Board of Trade, 1129 20th Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Chamber of Commerce:DC Chamber of Commerce, 1213 K St. NW, Washington, DC 20005 1. Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–Va.–Md.–W.Va.

The District of Columbia—identical with the city of Washington—is the capital of the United States. It is located betweenVirginiaandMarylandon the波多马克河. The district is named after Columbus.

DC history began in 1790 when Congress directed selection of a new capital site, 100 sq mi, along the Potomac. When the site was determined, it included 30.75 sq mi on the Virginia side of the river. In 1846, however, Congress returned that area to Virginia, leaving the 68.25 sq mi ceded by Maryland in 1788. The seat of government was transferred from Philadelphia to Washington on Dec. 1, 1800, and PresidentJohn Adamsbecame the first resident in theWhite House.

The city was planned and partly laid out byMaj. Pierre Charles L'Enfant, a French engineer. This work was perfected and completed by Maj. Andrew Ellicott andBenjamin Banneker, a freeborn black man who was an astronomer and mathematician. In 1814, during theWar of 1812, a British force burned the capital including the White House.

The District of Columbia was administered by three commissioners appointed by the president, until Nov. 3, 1967 when a mayor-commissioner and a 9-member council, appointed by the president, took office. On May 7, 1974, a Home Rule Charter was approved, giving DC its first elected municipal government in over a century. The district has one nonvoting member in the House of Representatives and an elected Board of Education.

A proposed constitutional amendment, which would give Washington a voting representation in Congress, failed to be ratified by the requisite 38 states. Petition and bills for DC's statehood were introduced in 1983 and 1993 and the district continues its push for statehood.

The federal government and tourism are the mainstays of the city's economy, and many unions, business, professional, and nonprofit organizations are headquartered there. Among the city's many educational institutions are theCatholic University of America,Georgetown University,Howard University, andGallaudet University. Cultural attractions include theNational Gallery of Art,Smithsonian Institution,John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, and theFolgerShakespeare Library.

In December 2009, Mayor Adrian Fenty signed a bill passed by the Council of the District Columbia to legalize same-sex marriage. Marriage licenses for same-sex couples were handed out as of March 3, 2010. With the passing of the bill, Washington DC became the first jurisdiction below the Mason-Dixon Line to legalize same-sex marriage.

See alsoEncyclopedia:Washington, DC.

Selected famous natives and residents:

• Edward Albeeplaywright;
• Billie Burkecomedienne;
• Ina Claireactor;
• John Foster Dullesstatesman;
• Duke Ellingtonmusician;
• Jane Greeractor;
• Goldie Hawnactor;
• Helen Hayesactor;
• J. Edgar Hooverformer director of the F.B.I.;
• William Hurtactor;
• Noor al-Husseinqueen of Jordan;
• Michael Learnedactor;
• Roger Muddnewscaster;
• Eleanor Holmes Nortongovernment official;
• Chita Riveradancer and actor;
• Leonard Rosecellist;
• John Philip Sousacomposer;
• Frances Sternhagenactor.